Kara Sears
George W. Bush was the 43rd President of the United States and the son of George H.W. Bush, the 41st President. George W. Bush graduated with a bachelor's degree in history from Yale University in 1968. He then served as an F-102 fighter pilot in the Texas Air National Guard and later received an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1975. Before becoming President, Bush served as the Governor of Texas for six years. During his tenure, he signed several bills into law, including one that required electric retailers to buy a certain amount of energy from renewable sources. Bush also supported federal legislation for adult stem cell research. Notably, he signed an executive order lifting the ban on federal funding for stem cell research. While Bush did not have a legal education, he worked with attorneys and legal professionals throughout his political career, including Attorney General Alberto Gonzales.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Name | George W. Bush |
| Date of Birth | July 6, 1946 |
| Place of Birth | New Haven, Connecticut |
| Education | Bachelor's degree in history from Yale University; MBA from Harvard Business School |
| Military Service | Texas Air National Guard; certified fighter pilot |
| Political Career | 43rd President of the United States; 46th Governor of Texas |
| Notable Policies and Achievements | Initiated the "war on terrorism"; sponsored Medicare and education reforms; lowered the age for juveniles to be tried as adults for serious crimes; passed a law for renewable energy sources in Texas |
| Family | Married to Laura Welch Bush; twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna |
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What You'll Learn
George W. Bush's educational background in law
George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the United States, had a varied educational background before entering politics. Bush was born on July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Midland and Houston, Texas. He attended Sam Houston Elementary School and San Jacinto Junior High School in Midland, Texas, before moving to The Kinkaid School in Piney Point Village, Texas, for two years.
Bush then attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, from 1961 to 1964, following in his father's footsteps. During his time at Phillips Academy, Bush was a cheerleader and played football. After graduating from Phillips Academy, Bush enrolled at Yale University in September 1964 as a history major. While at Yale, he continued his involvement in sports, playing on the rugby team and joining the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity as a resident member. He also became a member of the Skull and Bones secret society, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, who were also members. Bush graduated from Yale University with a bachelor's degree in history in 1968.
Following his graduation from Yale, Bush served as an F-102 fighter pilot in the Texas Air National Guard. During this time, he applied to the University of Texas law school but was rejected. Instead, he went on to pursue a Master of Business Administration (MBA) at Harvard University, graduating in 1975. Bush was the first U.S. president to hold an MBA degree.
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Bush's role in the Texas gubernatorial election
George W. Bush, the eldest son of former US President George H.W. Bush, served as the Governor of Texas before becoming the President of the United States. Bush's role in the Texas gubernatorial election began with his candidacy for the 1994 election, coinciding with his brother Jeb's pursuit of the governorship in Florida. Bush's campaign focused on four key themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime reduction, and education improvement.
Despite facing a popular Democratic incumbent, Governor Ann Richards, Bush's ability to work with individuals from both parties and his non-confrontational approach attracted a diverse range of voters. Bush's campaign strategy targeted Governor Richards' record on law enforcement, political appointments, and support for liberal causes. He advocated for ""personal responsibility" and "moral leadership," positioning himself as a "compassionate conservative." Bush's stance on crime, drugs, and the death penalty, coupled with his support for large tax cuts and welfare reform, resonated with conservative voters.
Bush's campaign was aided by a team of close advisers, including Karen Hughes, Joe Allbaugh, and Karl Rove. They crafted a message that emphasised "personal responsibility" and "moral leadership." Bush's performance in the debates further bolstered his popularity, and he ultimately won the election with 53-54.1% of the vote, compared to Richards' 45.9-46%.
As Governor of Texas, Bush left a significant impact. He extended funding for education and programs addressing alcohol and drug abuse and domestic violence. He also supported renewable energy policies, signing a law in 1999 that mandated electric retailers to purchase energy from renewable sources, making Texas a leading producer of wind-powered electricity. Additionally, Bush's administration lowered the age for juveniles to be tried as adults for serious crimes to 14 and oversaw a high number of executions.
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His stance on stem cell research
On August 9, 2001, President George W. Bush gave an eleven-minute speech from his ranch in Crawford, Texas, on the ethics and fate of US federal funding for stem cell research. In his speech, Bush acknowledged the importance of issues surrounding stem cell research to many Americans, presented arguments for and against embryonic stem cell research, and explained his decision to limit but not eliminate federal funding for embryonic stem cell (ESC) research.
Bush recognised the potential benefits of research on IVF embryos, noting that preliminary research on ESCs had shown that the cells might be able to help develop treatments for juvenile diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and spinal cord injuries. However, he also raised ethical concerns, including those pondered by scientists and parents, and noted the widespread religious debate surrounding the issue. Bush questioned whether frozen embryos are human life and thus something precious to be protected, or if they are going to be destroyed anyway, could they be used for the greater good.
Bush's administration provided nearly $3.7 billion for research on all forms of stem cells, including those from adult and other non-embryonic sources. He supported federal legislation that finances adult stem cell research but did not support embryonic stem cell research. Bush encouraged scientific advancement within ethical boundaries, avoiding techniques that destroy life while supporting alternative approaches. He signed an executive order in June 2007 to expand support for non-destructive research methods, inviting scientists to work with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to add new ethically derived, human pluripotent stem cell lines eligible for federal funding.
In April 2008, the Department of Defense announced the creation of the Armed Forces Institute for Regenerative Medicine (AFIRM), a partnership between the Federal government, universities, and private companies. In his 2008 State of the Union Address, Bush called on Congress to pass legislation banning unethical practices such as the buying, selling, patenting, or cloning of human life.
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Bush's time as the Governor of Texas
George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, served as the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. He was the first governor in Texas history to be elected for two consecutive four-year terms.
Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election, facing popular Democratic incumbent Governor Ann Richards. His campaign focused on four themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime reduction, and education improvement. Bush's campaign advisers included Karen Hughes, Joe Allbaugh, and Karl Rove. Bush's campaign strategy attacked Richards' record on law enforcement, her political appointments, and her support of liberal political causes. He developed a positive image and message with themes of "personal responsibility" and "moral leadership".
During his tenure as Governor, Bush successfully sponsored legislation for tort reform, increased education funding, set higher standards for schools, and reformed the criminal justice system. He also helped make Texas the leading producer of wind-generated electricity in the United States. In 1996, Bush made wind power a key facet of Texas' renewable energy policy. Under a 1999 Texas state law, electric retailers were required to buy a certain amount of energy from renewable sources, making Texas the leading producer of wind-powered electricity in the US.
Bush also extended government funding for organizations providing education on the dangers of alcohol and drug use and abuse, helping to reduce domestic violence. He lowered the age at which juveniles could be sent to adult court for serious crimes to 14. Bush presided over 152 executions, more than any previous governor in modern American history. He was criticised for failing to give serious consideration to clemency requests. Bush's supporters pointed to his efforts to raise the salaries of teachers and improve educational test scores.
In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record 68% of the vote. He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms. During his second term, he promoted faith-based organizations and enjoyed high approval ratings. He proclaimed June 10, 2000, to be Jesus Day in Texas, urging all Texans to "answer the call to serve those in need". Bush resigned from the governorship on December 21, 2000, during his presidential transition.
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His response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks
In the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, President George W. Bush initiated a "war on terrorism", portrayed as an American-led global counterterrorism campaign. This included the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.
The attacks had a profound impact on the nation, with about three-quarters of Americans naming them as one of the ten most impactful events in their lifetimes. The way the nation united in the aftermath, the bravery of first responders, and the outpouring of sympathy for the victims were all reasons for pride in the country's response, according to a survey by the Pew Research Center.
Bush's response to the attacks was well-received, with his approval rating reaching 86% in a Pew Research Center survey conducted shortly after—the second-highest rating in recent presidencies, after his father's 89% approval rating following the Persian Gulf War.
The 9/11 attacks and their aftermath also had a lasting impact on the American psyche. In a 2016 survey, 91% of US adults said they remembered exactly where they were when they heard the news of the attacks, including 83% of those who were between 3 and 13 years old at the time.
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