Gavin Howe
When writing about administrative law decisions, it is important to understand the correct usage of citation forms like id., supra, and hereinafter. Supra is a Latin term meaning above and is used in legal writing to direct the reader to a previously cited authority, source, or case mentioned earlier in the text. While supra can be used in a variety of legal contexts, including legislative hearings, court filings, and internal cross-references, there are specific guidelines governing its usage in law review articles and footnotes. It is important to consult relevant style guides, such as The Bluebook, for detailed rules and examples to ensure proper usage of supra in administrative law decisions.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Use of "supra" | Refer to an earlier portion of the document, case, or book |
| Use of "id." | Denote a previously cited source |
| Use of "hereinafter" | Refer to the following part of a document |
| When to use "supra" | When citing a previously fully cited authority, unless "id." is used |
| When not to use "supra" | When citing cases, statutes, constitutions, legislative materials (other than hearings), restatements, model codes, or regulations |
| Exception to the above rule | When the name of the authority is extremely long |
| "Supra" in law review footnote context | Indicate the footnote in which the full citation can be found |
| "Supra" in citation sentence | Not preferred |
| "Supra" in textual sentence | Preferred |
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What You'll Learn
Administrative law decisions in the US
Administrative law in the US comprises the rules and regulations enacted and enforced by agencies. The Library of Congress provides a guide to US federal administrative law, which includes resources for locating and identifying relevant cases.
The Library's collection includes notable titles such as the "Decisions of the National Labor Relations Board" (from 1935 to the present), the "Federal Communications Commission Record" (from 1986 to the present), and the "Internal Revenue Cumulative Bulletin" (from 1919 to the present).
Westlaw Patron Access is another resource that provides up-to-date legal information, including case headnotes, synopses, and the West Key Number System. However, access to this site is limited to the Law Library Reading Room.
Additionally, Nexis Uni offers over 6,000 news, business, and legal sources, including deep backfiles and current stories from various media outlets. It also provides access to the Company Dossier module, which offers detailed financial information and allows for company comparisons.
When citing administrative law decisions in legal writing, the terms "supra" and "hereinafter" are commonly used as short citation forms. "Supra" refers to a previously cited authority, while "hereinafter" indicates a subsequent reference to the same authority. These terms can be used for legislative hearings, court filings, books, pamphlets, reports, and various other resources. However, they should not be used for cases, statutes, constitutions, or certain other materials, as outlined in the Bluebook citation guide.
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Using 'supra' in law review footnotes
The Latin term "supra" means "above" and is commonly used in legal writing to direct the reader to an earlier part of a document, case, or book. In law reviews, "supra" is used to refer to a previously fully cited authority, unless "id." is used. "Supra" is also used in footnotes to indicate the footnote in which the full citation can be found.
When using "supra" in a law review footnote, it is important to follow specific formatting and stylistic guidelines, such as those provided by the Bluebook and law review publications like Temple Law Review (TLR). For example, TLR encourages student authors to place "supras" in textual sentences rather than citation sentences.
"See supra note 10," where "supra" directs the reader to an earlier note or reference listed as number 10 in the document.
It is worth noting that "supra" should not be used to refer to cases, statutes, constitutions, legislative materials (with the exception of hearings), restatements, model codes, or regulations. However, there is an exception for regulations where the name of the authority is extremely long.
When conducting administrative law research, it is important to refer to specific administrative decisions and sources, such as those provided by the Library of Congress, including agency-specific reporters, looseleaf services, and the U.S. Code Service.
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'Supra' in internal cross-references
"Supra" is a Latin term that means "above" and is used in legal writing to refer to a previously cited authority or source. It is commonly used in legal citations and academic papers to save space and improve readability.
When using "supra" in internal cross-references, it is essential to follow specific guidelines. Firstly, "supra" can be used to cite prior material within the same work. Internal cross-references may direct the reader to specific pages, sections, paragraphs, footnotes, or other elements within the text. For example, "See supra notes 34–40 and accompanying text for a discussion of Miranda." Here, "supra" is used to refer to the earlier notes and text discussing Miranda.
It is important to note that the exact wording for internal cross-references is flexible, but certain formatting rules apply. For instance, the signal "see" before "supra" should be italicized, while the term ""discussion" should only be used when referring to an actual discussion spanning more than a few footnotes. If the internal reference analyzes, lists, or addresses an assertion, consider using terms like "analysis," "list," or other appropriate nouns.
Additionally, when using "supra" in internal cross-references, it is generally not necessary to provide the full citation again. A short name or abbreviation of the case or source is usually sufficient. For example, "See supra Smith v. Jones for a discussion of the applicable law." Here, "supra" directs the reader to an earlier discussion of the case Smith v. Jones without needing the full case citation.
While "supra" is a useful tool for internal cross-referencing, it should be noted that it has specific limitations. "Supra" is generally not used to refer to cases, statutes, constitutions, or certain types of legislative materials. Instead, it is primarily used for legislative hearings, court filings, books, reports, and other similar sources.
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'Supra' vs 'hereinafter'
The terms "supra" and "hereinafter" are both used as short citation forms in legal documents. "Supra" refers to a portion of an earlier part of the document, while "hereinafter" means "in the following part" of a document.
"Supra" is used to refer to previously cited materials or internal cross-references. It is typically used for secondary authority sources, such as books and periodicals, and the citation format includes the author's last name followed by "supra" and the relevant footnote. However, it generally should not be used for primary legal authority sources, such as cases and statutes.
"Hereinafter" is used when another short form, like "supra", would be impractical or confusing due to lengthy or complex authority names. It provides a shortened form of the authority name or title, typically a paraphrase, enclosed in brackets after the first full citation. It is important to note that the same guidelines for when "supra" can and cannot be used also apply to "hereinafter".
In terms of their usage, "supra" is used for prior material, while "hereinafter" is used for subsequent material or internal cross-references. For example, "see supra" directs the reader to previous text or notes, while "see hereinafter" would be used for upcoming content.
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'Supra' in citation sentences
"Supra" is a Latin word that means "above". It is a citation signal used in academic and legal contexts to direct readers to an earlier-cited authority. In law reviews, "supra" is used to refer to a previously fully cited authority, unless "id." is used. This is especially helpful when the name of the authority is extremely long.
"Supra" is commonly used for secondary authority sources, such as books and periodicals. The standard format for a "supra" short-form citation includes the author's last name, followed by "supra" and a comma. This is then followed by the word "note" in regular type, and the footnote number where the authority was first cited in full. For example: "15. Philip D. O'Neill, Jr., Verification in an Age of Insecurity: The Future of Arms Control Compliance 45 (2010).".
"Supra" can also be used for internal cross-references, which direct readers to specific pages, parts, sections, paragraphs, or footnotes within the same work. In this context, "supra" is combined with the signal "see" or used in a phrase directing the reader to the specific material. For example: "See supra notes 35-38 and accompanying text.".
It is important to note that "supra" should not be used to refer to cases, statutes, constitutions, or legislative materials (with the exception of hearings).
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Frequently asked questions
'Supra' is a Latin term meaning 'above'.
'Supra' is used in legal writing to direct the reader to an earlier portion of a document, case, or book.
'Supra' may be used to refer to a previously fully cited authority, unless 'id.' is more appropriate.
'Supra' can be used for legislative hearings, court filings, books, pamphlets, reports, unpublished materials, periodicals, treaties and international agreements, and internal cross-references.
Yes, 'supra' can be used for administrative law decisions. Administrative law decisions are covered in various sources that are suitable for using 'supra', such as reports, unpublished materials, and periodicals.
