Gavin Howe
Time-outs have been a popular tool for parents to discipline their children since the 1950s. However, in recent years, time-outs have received criticism for their potential to cause children to feel isolated and rejected during a time of emotional crisis. Critics have suggested alternative methods such as time-ins, which aim to provide a more nurturing environment for the child to calm down. Despite the ongoing debate, time-outs continue to be promoted by organizations like the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry as an effective parenting strategy. This has led to a discussion on whether time-outs can be implemented in a way that balances discipline and nurture.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Definition | A method of dismissal in the sport of cricket |
| Occurrence | When an incoming batter is not ready to play within a given amount of time of the previous batter being either dismissed or retired |
| Purpose | To ensure there are no unnecessary delays to the game |
| History | First printed in the Laws of Cricket in 1775; "Timed Out" was added as a specific method of dismissal in the 1980 code |
| Revision | In the 2000 code, the time given was revised to three minutes for the batter to "be in position to take guard or for his partner to be ready to receive the ball" |
| Instances | As of March 2025, there have been no instances of this type of dismissal in Test cricket; a single instance each in One Day International and Twenty20 International cricket, and seven instances in first-class cricket |
| Related Laws | Law 16.3, Law 40 |
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What You'll Learn
Time-outs in schools
Time-outs have been a popular tool for parents and teachers since psychological behaviourist Arthur Staats coined the term and proved its effectiveness in the 1950s. Time-outs are a disciplinary technique that involves withdrawing attention and positive reinforcement from a child as a consequence of inappropriate behaviour. The idea is that many behaviours are fuelled by attention, so by withdrawing attention from negative behaviour, parents or teachers can, over time, extinguish it.
Time-outs are recommended by most pediatricians as a way to curb negative behaviours ranging from talking back to physical aggression. They are also promoted by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry as an effective parenting strategy. Research indicates that when used properly, along with other techniques that balance nurture and structure, time-outs are effective and do not cause harm.
However, in recent years, time-outs have acquired critics who argue that the experience can be isolating and cause children to feel abandoned in their time of emotional crisis, leading to more power struggles instead of teaching children to regulate their emotions. Critics of time-outs encourage "time-ins" as a more nurturing alternative, in which the parent or caregiver empathises with the struggling child and makes them feel heard as they calm down. Both approaches are valuable and don't have to be at odds with one another, says David Anderson, PhD, a clinical psychologist at the Child Mind Institute.
Time-outs can be difficult to implement properly in a school setting. Teachers should be careful that the child is not avoiding some unpleasant activity by going to time-out. For example, going to time-out for not staying on task during independent math work may be preferable to doing math work for a child who dislikes math. Due to its restrictiveness and difficulty in implementation, time-out should be reserved for intervention with the most disruptive and unacceptable behaviours and only with staff trained in how it is properly used.
To ethically and effectively implement time-outs in the classroom, the principle of least restriction should be followed when selecting a time-out procedure, starting with the least restrictive procedure and moving to more restrictive procedures only after the others have been ineffective. The least restrictive forms of time-outs are those that do not involve exclusion or isolation. For example, having the children put away their work for a time (which eliminates the opportunity to earn rewards for academic performance) or the temporary removal of rewarding materials, such as taking away art materials.
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Time-outs in cricket
In cricket, a time-out occurs when an incoming batter is not ready to play within a given amount of time of the previous batter being either dismissed or retired. This is a rare form of dismissal, and the batter is said to have gotten a "diamond" or "platinum duck" as they are out without having faced a ball.
The time-out rule was added to the Laws in the 1980 code, which initially provided two minutes for the incoming batter to "step on to the field of play". This was revised in the 2000 code to three minutes for the batter to "be in position to take guard or for his partner to be ready to receive the ball". However, the amount of time given can vary depending on the match conditions. For example, in Test cricket and One Day International cricket, the time limit is two minutes, while in Twenty20 cricket, it is shortened to 90 seconds.
There have been very few instances of batters being dismissed due to time-outs in the history of cricket. The first recorded instance of a time-out dismissal in any format occurred in first-class cricket, when Andrew Jordan failed to reach the ground due to flooded streets. In international cricket, the first time-out dismissal occurred during the 2023 Cricket World Cup when Sri Lankan batter Angelo Mathews was given time out against Bangladesh. Mathews was not ready to face his first ball within the time limit due to issues with his helmet strap.
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Time-outs as a parenting strategy
Time-outs have been a popular tool for parents since the 1950s when they were coined by psychological behaviorist Arthur Staats as an alternative to corporal punishment. Time-outs are a form of behavioural modification that involves temporarily separating a child from an environment where unacceptable behaviour has occurred. The goal is to remove the child from an enjoyable environment, leading to the extinction of the offending behaviour.
Time-outs are recommended by most pediatricians and developmental psychologists as an effective form of discipline. They are also promoted by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Research has shown that time-outs can be effective in changing problem behaviour, especially in children with oppositional defiant disorder or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
However, in recent years, time-outs have acquired critics who argue that the experience can be isolating and cause children to feel abandoned in their time of emotional crisis. Critics encourage the use of "time-ins" as a more nurturing alternative, where the caregiver empathizes with the struggling child and makes them feel heard as they calm down.
Despite the criticism, the research to date does not support advice to abandon time-outs. An eight-year study by the University of Michigan found that time-outs did not cause harm to children or their relationships with their parents. Experts recommend keeping time-outs as short as possible, with some suggesting a guideline of one minute per year of the child's age, and a maximum of around three minutes.
When implementing time-outs, it is important to focus on one misbehaviour at a time and to be consistent. Time-outs should happen immediately after the misbehaviour, and parents should give a clear warning beforehand. It is also crucial for parents to model the behaviour they want to see in their children and to praise positive behaviour.
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Time-outs vs time-ins
Time-outs and time-ins are two contrasting approaches to disciplining children. Time-outs are a traditional form of discipline, often recommended by pediatricians, where a child is removed from a situation and placed in isolation for a predetermined amount of time as punishment for exhibiting undesirable behaviour. Time-ins, on the other hand, are a newer concept that has been gaining traction with proponents of positive parenting. During a time-in, a child is removed from a stressful situation and accompanied by a caregiver to a quiet area where they can calm down and express their emotions.
Time-outs
Time-outs are a widely used disciplinary tactic employed by parents, caregivers, and teachers when a child exhibits undesirable behaviour such as throwing, hitting, or screaming. The child is removed from the situation and placed in isolation, typically in a corner, facing a wall, or in their bedroom, for a specified duration. During this time, parents are often advised to withhold attention and ignore the child's cries or requests. While time-outs can prevent undesirable behaviour in the moment, critics argue that they do not contribute to the long-term development of self-regulation and self-discipline. Additionally, time-outs can make children feel abandoned, rejected, frightened, and confused.
Time-ins
Time-ins, also known as positive time-outs, are a technique commonly used in Montessori schools and promoted by positive parenting proponents. During a time-in, the caregiver sits with the child and helps them co-regulate their emotions and guide them in repairing the situation. The child is removed from the stressful environment and taken to a quiet area, where the caregiver provides comfort and empathy until the child is calm enough to communicate. This approach aims to build emotional intelligence and teach children alternative ways to express their emotions appropriately.
Comparison
The main difference between time-outs and time-ins is the presence and guidance of the caregiver during the latter. While time-outs rely on isolation and punishment, time-ins focus on providing support and teaching emotional regulation skills. Time-ins acknowledge that children's misbehaviour is often due to their lack of skills in expressing their needs and regulating their impulses. By sitting with the child and acknowledging their emotions, caregivers can help diffuse inappropriate behaviour and build a stronger connection. However, it is important to note that time-ins may not always work, and there may be situations where alternative disciplinary measures are needed.
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Time-outs and employee laws
In the United States, the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) establishes federal laws that govern employee time card regulations and wage standards. The FLSA differentiates between two types of employees: exempt and non-exempt. Non-exempt employees are covered by all laws under the FLSA, while exempt employees are not. Exempt employees typically meet specific requirements, including a minimum salary above a certain threshold, receipt of a predetermined fixed salary, and the holding of administrative, executive, or professional duties.
Employee time card laws vary depending on the employee's type, with non-exempt employees entitled to overtime pay and exempt employees generally not covered by overtime regulations. Employers are required to maintain accurate records of hours worked, including start and end times of shifts, meal breaks, and any overtime for non-exempt employees. This ensures compliance with federal, state, and local regulations and helps prevent disruptions, citations, and fines.
Additionally, employee timekeeping laws address issues such as missed punches, late clock-ins, and inaccurate timesheet inputs. While employers can establish clear attendance policies and enforce them consistently, denying employees pay for hours worked can have serious legal ramifications. Employees, on the other hand, should review their pay stubs and track their hours to ensure accurate compensation, consulting legal professionals if they identify any discrepancies or violations.
Furthermore, the rise in remote work has introduced flexibility in time clock systems, with employees using mobile devices or digital apps for time tracking. However, employees must only use their work's time clock system during scheduled hours unless explicitly instructed otherwise by their employer. Abuse of clock-in and clock-out times can result in termination, and employers manipulating time tracking to reduce employee pay violates labour laws, giving employees grounds for legal action.
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