Kara Sears
France's legal system primarily practices civil law, with criminal law also forming part of its judiciary. To practice law in France, a Bachelor's in Law (LLB) and a Master's in Law (LLM) are required. The French academic year runs from September to May or June, and the law school is divided into three programs: a three-year Bachelor of Law, a two-year Master of Law, and a three-year or more Ph.D. in Law. To enter the bar, students must pass the bar exam and complete an internship in a law office. There are many legal job opportunities in France, including internships, entry-level, and senior positions. However, it is unclear if a law degree from another country, such as the US, would allow someone to practice law in France without additional qualifications.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Degree required to practice law in France | Bachelor in Law (LLB) and a Master's degree in the field (LLM) |
| Doctoral-level program | PhD in Law |
| Examination for entry into a Law School | Administered by universities as part of the Institute of Judicial Studies (IEJ) |
| Number of times the examination can be taken | 3 |
| Minimum qualification required to take the examination | Completion of the first year of a four-year master of laws degree or an equivalent qualification |
| Typical qualification of candidates | Second-year law degree |
| Training duration | 18 months |
| Training structure | Planned around courses and internships and divided into three terms |
| Internship | During the third term, law students do an internship in a law office |
| Examination after training | Certificate of Aptitude for the Legal Profession (CAPA) |
| Oath | Taken before the Court of Appeal |
| Registration | Register in the bar association of their choice |
| Title | Avocat (fully qualified lawyer) |
| Internship opportunities | Fixed-term contracts of three to six months |
| Internship qualification | Qualified lawyers or recent LLM graduates |
| Language | Fluency in French is required to practice law in France |
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What You'll Learn
Law degree requirements in France
France is a hub for international students, especially those who want to study law. The country's long-standing influence in the European Union, the UN, and the EU Parliament means that students can learn from highly experienced legal professionals. France's legal system is primarily civil law-based, with criminal law also forming part of its judiciary.
To study law in France, you must first gain acceptance into a law school (EDA), which is part of a university's Institute of Judicial Studies (IEJ). This requires passing an examination, which can only be taken three times. Candidates must have completed the first year of a four-year master of laws degree or hold an equivalent qualification. Most candidates hold a second-year law degree.
Once students pass the entrance examination, they undertake a professional education program offered by the law school. This program includes internships in a law office during the third term. After completing the training, students must pass the Certificate of Aptitude for the Legal Profession (CAPA) examination. They then take an oath before the Court of Appeal and register with their chosen bar association to become a fully qualified lawyer or 'avocat'.
Alternative Routes
The Conseil national des barreaux may exempt candidates from the tests if they have relevant university or scientific studies, such as dissertations, theses, or published articles or books. Additionally, European community nationals who are fully qualified lawyers in their own country can practice in France under their original title by virtue of Directive 98/5/CE. After three years of regular practice in France, they can apply for the title of 'avocat' and register with a French bar association.
University Requirements
Each university in France has its own set of requirements for admission to law degrees. However, some general requirements include having a high school diploma or equivalent, submitting transcripts, and providing letters of motivation and recommendation. For postgraduate studies, a bachelor's degree in law or a similar field is usually required.
Costs
The French government funds all public universities, making them more affordable for students. The low cost of tuition in French universities does not compromise the quality of education, and many of these institutions are top-ranked globally. Private universities, however, charge higher tuition fees than their public counterparts.
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Exams and qualifications to practice law in France
To practice law in France, one must pass the examination for entry into a Law School (EDA), administered by universities as part of the Institute of Judicial Studies (IEJ). This examination can only be attempted three times, and candidates must have completed the first year of a four-year master of laws degree or hold an equivalent qualification. Most candidates hold a second-year law degree. Passing the EDA examination is a prerequisite for accessing the legal profession in France.
Once admitted to a law school, students take a professional education program with a practical focus. During the 18-month program, six months are devoted to fundamentals, emphasizing statutes, professional ethics, and the practical aspects of practicing law. This is followed by a six-to-eight-month Individual Pedagogical Project (PPI) term, which encourages students to define their career paths and prepare for professional life. The third term involves an internship in a law office.
Upon completing their law school training, students must pass the Certificate of Aptitude for the Legal Profession (CAPA) examination. They then take an oath before the Court of Appeal and register with the bar association of their choice, earning the title of "avocat" (fully qualified lawyer). However, certain professionals, such as legal counsel for companies or labor unions, are exempt from the CAPA requirement if they have at least eight years of relevant experience.
In France, legal practitioners can specialize in different areas, such as advocate, avoué, notary, or judge, each requiring specific training and qualifications. Advocates, similar to barristers in the English system, must pass a bar examination and serve as probationary lawyers for three years, gaining practical experience and taking further coursework. Avoirs, a hybrid of junior barristers and senior solicitors, undergo articled clerkships and professional examinations by practicing lawyers. Judges in France must pass a competitive annual examination and undergo extensive training, including internships in various legal settings, before being ranked and assigned their first judicial positions.
Additionally, France has mutual recognition arrangements with certain jurisdictions, such as Quebec, allowing lawyers registered with the Quebec bar to practice in France by passing an examination on French law. European community nationals who are fully qualified in their home countries can practice in France under their original titles without taking the French bar exam, and they can apply for the "avocat" title after three years of regular practice in France.
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Types of law practiced in France
France is a civil law system, which means it places a greater emphasis on statutes found within various codes instead of case law. The French legal system is primarily based on legislation, with French judicial decisions, especially those of the highest courts, written in a highly formalist style. There are about 78 legal codes currently in force in France, dealing with both public and private law.
French law can be divided into four main areas: civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional law. The country has a dual system in place regarding its laws. One branch is known as "droit public", or public law, which defines the principles of operation of the state and public bodies. The other branch, "droit privé", or private law, applies to private individuals and private entities.
The French Parliament enacts ordinary statutes (lois ordinaires) concerning matters listed in Art. 34 of the Constitution, including civil liberties, nationality, civil status, taxes, criminal law, and criminal procedure. The Parliament's legislative domain has expanded in practice to include any important topic. Regulations (règlement) are legislations produced by the executive power and can be further categorized into two types: règlements autonomes, which cover any subject not expressly specified in Art. 34, and décrets and arrêtés, issued by the executive branch.
The courts in France are divided into two parts: judicial courts, dealing with criminal and civil laws, and administrative courts. The highest judiciary court is the Supreme Court of Appeals (Cour de cassation), with 36 courts of appeals, 161 tribunaux de grande instance, and 307 tribunaux d’instance at the lowest level. The Council of State (Conseil d’État) sits at the top of the administrative courts, with eight courts of appeal and 42 tribunaux administratifs.
In addition to the above, EU law, or "droit communautaire", is increasingly recognized as a distinct area of law in France, akin to federal laws in the US. This reflects the European Commission's intention to create European Union criminal offenses, which would exist alongside France's civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional laws.
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Internships in France for law students
France has a unique approach to legal education, with a strong focus on practical training and internships. This is reflected in the requirements for entering the legal profession, which include a combination of examinations, internships, and professional education programs.
For law students in France, internships are a crucial component of their legal education and often take place during the third term of their studies. These internships provide valuable real-world experience, allowing students to apply their legal knowledge in a practical setting. The Implementing Decree of December 21, 2004, emphasizes the importance of internships by extending the initial training period to at least 18 months, with a significant portion dedicated to internships and practical courses.
International students or students from outside France interested in pursuing internships in the country can explore various opportunities. Several law firms and organizations in France offer internships specifically tailored to law students and recent graduates. These internships can provide a wealth of experience and allow interns to work closely with experienced lawyers. For example, Mayer Brown Futures offers a six-month internship program where interns are allocated to different departments and mentored by experienced lawyers. During their internship, interns take on legal assignments, such as legislative research and drafting contracts, gaining valuable skills for their future legal careers.
When applying for internships in France, it is essential to note that some internships may require a basic understanding of French law and a good command of the French language. Additionally, due to the international nature of many law firms and their clients, a strong command of English is often essential. Some internships may also be open to students with qualifications in business management, providing a diverse range of opportunities for law students to explore.
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Job opportunities for lawyers in France
France offers a variety of job opportunities for lawyers, including internships, entry-level, and senior positions. Here is an overview of the legal job market in France and the requirements for practising law in the country.
Education and Training
To become a lawyer in France, one must first obtain a master's degree in law or an equivalent qualification. Most candidates hold a second-year law degree and pass the examination for entry into a Law School (EDA), administered by universities as part of the Institute of Judicial Studies (IEJ). The examination can only be taken three times, and those who pass undergo practical professional education offered by a law school. The training includes internships in a law office during the third term. After completing their training, law students must pass the Certificate of Aptitude for the Legal Profession (CAPA) examination and take an oath before the Court of Appeal. They then register with the bar association of their choice and are fully qualified lawyers.
Job Opportunities
Law firms in France offer various legal jobs, including internships, associate positions, and senior roles. Many firms seek qualified lawyers with experience in specific areas of law, such as employment law, corporate law, antitrust law, and international arbitration. For instance, CMS Francis Lefebvre, an international business law firm in Lyon, sought a collaborating lawyer with 5 to 7 years of experience in employment law for their Social Department.
Language Skills
A good command of the French language is essential for practising law in France. Additionally, fluency in English is often considered an asset, especially for firms with international clients.
Work Culture
Lawyers in France must register with a business procedures centre within eight days of starting their practice. They are also required to pay fees to various associations, plan for professional insurance, and maintain accounts using the dual account system. The National Association for Administrative and Tax Assistance (ANAAFA) assists lawyers with their tax obligations.
Job Search Resources
Websites like Glassdoor, LawCrossing, and The Lawyer feature legal job postings in France. These sites provide information on specific job roles, qualifications, and locations within the country.
In summary, France offers diverse job opportunities for lawyers, ranging from internships to senior positions. The legal profession in France is well-structured, with specific educational and training requirements. Lawyers in France can expect to work in a regulated environment that offers support for their professional development and practice.
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Frequently asked questions
It is possible to work as a lawyer in France with a law degree from another country, but there are some challenges. France has strict requirements for lawyers, including passing the bar exam and having a strong understanding of French law. It may be easier to find work with a French law firm if you are already working with French clients or have experience in international law. Additionally, those from countries with bilateral agreements with France may have an easier time obtaining the necessary visas and permits.
To become a lawyer in France, one must pass the bar exam, also known as the Certificate of Aptitude for the Legal Profession (CAPA) examination. This requires a master's degree in law or an equivalent qualification. Candidates must also complete an internship in a law office during their studies. After passing the bar exam, one must take an oath before the Court of Appeal and register with a French bar association to become a fully qualified lawyer.
For lawyers who are unable to meet the requirements to practice law in France, there are alternative career paths. These include working as a legal tutor, teacher, or advisor in the educational sector, or finding a position as a counselor at a multinational company. It is also possible to work in the legal sector without being a qualified lawyer, such as a "juriste" in France, which does not require passing the bar exam.
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