Gavin Howe
Citing two law review pages using the Bluebook, the authoritative style guide for legal citations, requires precision and adherence to its specific rules. When referencing multiple pages within a single law review article, the Bluebook mandates the use of a pinpoint citation, which includes the full citation to the article followed by the specific page numbers being referenced. For example, if citing pages 100 and 105 of a law review article, the citation would appear as: *Author, Article Title, Volume Number Law Review Abbreviation Page (Year)*, at *100, 105*. This format ensures clarity and directs readers to the exact pages being discussed, maintaining the rigor and accuracy expected in legal scholarship.
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What You'll Learn
Rule 13: Basic Law Review Citation Format
When citing law review articles using the Bluebook, Rule 13 provides the foundational guidelines for constructing accurate and standardized citations. This rule emphasizes clarity, brevity, and consistency, ensuring that legal scholars and practitioners can easily locate and verify the sources referenced. The basic format for a law review citation under Rule 13 includes the author’s name, the article title, the volume number, the journal’s abbreviated name, the page number, and the publication year, all presented in a specific order and style. For example, a full citation might appear as: *Author’s Full Name, Article Title, Volume Number Abbreviated Journal Name Page Number (Year)*. This structure is essential for both single-page and multi-page citations, including those spanning two pages.
When citing a specific range of pages within a law review article, such as two consecutive pages, Rule 13 requires the use of the full page range rather than individual page numbers. For instance, if referencing pages 123 and 124, the citation would include “123–24” instead of “123, 124.” This convention ensures conciseness and adheres to the Bluebook’s preference for efficiency in legal writing. The page range is placed at the end of the citation, following the volume number and abbreviated journal name. For example: *Author’s Full Name, Article Title, Volume Number Abbreviated Journal Name Page Range (Year)*. This format applies consistently, whether the citation appears in a footnote or a bibliography.
The abbreviated journal name is a critical component of the citation and must conform to Table T.1 of the Bluebook, which provides standardized abbreviations for law reviews and other legal periodicals. For example, “Harvard Law Review” is abbreviated as “Harv. L. Rev.” Accuracy in abbreviation is essential, as deviations can lead to confusion or misinterpretation. Additionally, the volume number precedes the abbreviated journal name and is separated by a space, not punctuation. For instance: *Volume Number Harv. L. Rev. Page Range (Year)*. This attention to detail ensures uniformity across legal documents.
The author’s name and article title are also formatted according to Rule 13. The author’s full name is listed first, followed by the article title in sentence case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized. The title is italicized to distinguish it from the rest of the citation. For example: *John Doe, The Evolution of Property Law, 50 Harv. L. Rev. 123–24 (2020)*. This formatting ensures that the citation is both visually clear and compliant with Bluebook standards.
Finally, the publication year is enclosed in parentheses and placed at the end of the citation. This element is crucial for identifying the specific edition or issue of the law review article being referenced. For example: *(2020)*. When citing two pages, the overall structure remains unchanged, with the page range seamlessly integrated into the citation. Mastery of Rule 13 ensures that legal citations are not only correct but also contribute to the professionalism and credibility of legal writing. By adhering to these guidelines, scholars and practitioners can effectively communicate their sources in a manner that aligns with the legal profession’s rigorous standards.
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Rule 13.2: Citing Specific Pages in Law Reviews
When citing specific pages in law reviews according to Rule 13.2 of the *Bluebook*, the primary goal is to provide clear and precise references to the exact pages being relied upon. This rule is particularly useful when you need to direct the reader to a specific part of an article rather than the entire piece. To cite two specific pages within a law review article, begin with the standard citation format for the article itself, including the author’s name, article title, journal title, volume number, and publication year. After this foundational citation, you will add the specific page numbers you are referencing. For example, if you are citing pages 123 and 125 of a law review article, the citation would look like this: *Author, Article Title, Volume Journal Title Page (Year)*, at 123, 125. The phrase "at" is used to indicate that you are pinpointing specific pages within the broader source.
It is important to note that when citing multiple specific pages, they should be listed in ascending order and separated by commas. If the pages are consecutive, you may use a hyphen to indicate the range. For instance, if you are citing pages 123, 124, and 125, you can condense this to "at 123–25." However, if the pages are non-consecutive, such as 123 and 125, they should be listed individually as "at 123, 125." This ensures clarity and adheres to *Bluebook* standards. Always double-check that the page numbers are accurate, as precision is critical in legal citations.
In cases where you are citing multiple non-consecutive pages or ranges, list them in ascending order. For example, if you are referencing pages 102, 105–07, and 110, the citation would read: *Author, Article Title, Volume Journal Title Page (Year)*, at 102, 105–07, 110. This format maintains consistency and readability, allowing the reader to locate the cited material efficiently. Remember that the purpose of *Bluebook* citations is to provide a clear roadmap to the source, so avoid unnecessary complexity or ambiguity in your citations.
Another consideration under Rule 13.2 is the use of "id." or "supra" when referring to the same source in subsequent citations. If you are citing the same law review article again and referencing the same pages, you can use "id." at the specific page numbers. For example, if your previous citation was *Author, Article Title, Volume Journal Title Page (Year)*, at 123, 125, and you need to refer to the same pages again, you would write: *Id.* at 123, 125. If you are referencing different pages within the same article, use "supra" followed by the note number of the initial citation and the new page numbers, e.g., *Author, supra note [note number], at 126*.
Finally, ensure that your citation aligns with the overall context of your work. If you are citing specific pages to support a particular argument or point, make sure the referenced material directly relates to your discussion. The *Bluebook* emphasizes accuracy and relevance, so always verify that the cited pages contain the information you intend to highlight. By following Rule 13.2 meticulously, you enhance the credibility of your work and facilitate ease of reference for your readers.
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Rule 1.2: Short Form Citations for Subsequent References
When citing multiple pages from the same law review article in subsequent references, Bluebook Rule 1.2 allows for the use of shortened citations to improve readability and efficiency. This rule is particularly useful when you need to refer to the same source multiple times within your document. The short form citation should be clear and concise, omitting unnecessary details while retaining enough information to identify the source. For law review articles, the short form typically includes the author’s last name (or a shortened title if there are multiple authors or no author), the journal name, and the pinpoint page reference.
For example, if your first full citation appears as: *John Doe, The Evolution of Property Law, 50 Harvard L. Rev. 100 (2020)*, subsequent citations can be shortened to *Doe, 50 Harvard L. Rev. at 105*. Here, "Doe" represents the author’s last name, "50 Harvard L. Rev." identifies the journal volume and name, and "at 105" provides the specific page reference. If you are citing a different page within the same article, simply update the pinpoint page number, e.g., *Doe, 50 Harvard L. Rev. at 110*.
When citing two different pages from the same law review article in close proximity, you can combine the references in a single citation. For instance, if you are referencing pages 105 and 110, the short form citation would be *Doe, 50 Harvard L. Rev. at 105, 110*. This format is both concise and clear, ensuring the reader can easily locate the referenced material. Note that the word "and" is not used between the page numbers; instead, they are separated by a comma.
If the law review article has multiple authors, the short form citation should use the last name of the first author followed by "et al." For example, if the full citation is *Jane Smith & Others, Rethinking Contract Law, 60 Yale L.J. 200 (2021)*, the short form would be *Smith et al., 60 Yale L.J. at 205*. This approach maintains consistency with Bluebook rules while keeping the citation brief.
Finally, if the law review article has no author, the short form citation should use a few words from the title, typically the first significant words, in place of the author’s name. For example, if the full citation is *The Impact of Technology on Legal Practice, 45 Stanford L. Rev. 300 (2019)*, the short form would be *Impact of Technology, 45 Stanford L. Rev. at 305*. This ensures the citation remains identifiable and adheres to Bluebook standards. By following Rule 1.2, you can streamline your citations while maintaining clarity and precision in your legal writing.
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Rule 18.2: Citing Unpublished Manuscripts or Articles
When citing unpublished manuscripts or articles under Rule 18.2 of the *Bluebook*, it is essential to recognize that these sources lack formal publication and require specific treatment to ensure clarity and accuracy. Unpublished works include manuscripts, articles, or papers that have not been officially released in a journal, book, or other formal medium. To cite such materials, begin with the author’s name, followed by the title of the work in sentence case and enclosed in quotation marks. For example: *Jane Doe, "The Evolution of Property Law in the 21st Century"*. If the work is forthcoming in a publication, note this by adding a parenthetical after the title, such as *(forthcoming 2024)*. This distinction helps readers understand the status of the work.
Next, provide the date of the manuscript or article, as unpublished works often lack a formal publication date. The date can be the year of creation or the most recent revision, placed in parentheses after the title. For instance: *John Smith, "Climate Change Litigation Trends" (2023)*. If the work is part of a specific collection, conference, or repository, include this information to add context. For example: *Emily Johnson, "Corporate Governance Reforms" (unpublished manuscript, Harvard Law School, 2022)*. This ensures the citation is as precise as possible, even without traditional publication details.
When citing two law review pages in the context of unpublished works, it is crucial to maintain consistency with *Bluebook* standards. If referencing a specific portion of an unpublished article, include the page numbers in the citation. For example: *Michael Brown, "The Role of Technology in Legal Practice" (unpublished manuscript, 2021), at 12–15*. This format mirrors the treatment of published works, ensuring that readers can locate the referenced material within the manuscript. If the work is available online, include a URL or DOI in accordance with *Bluebook* Rule 18.2.1, which allows for electronic sources to be cited when necessary.
It is important to note that unpublished works should be used sparingly in legal writing, as they carry less authority than published sources. However, when they are necessary, adherence to *Bluebook* Rule 18.2 ensures that citations remain professional and accessible. Always verify the accuracy of the author’s name, title, and date, as these details are critical for unpublished materials. If the work is part of a larger project or series, include this information to provide additional context. For example: *Sarah Lee, "Intellectual Property Challenges in the Digital Age" (unpublished paper, presented at the 2023 IP Law Conference)*.
Finally, when citing two law review pages within an unpublished work, ensure that the citation clearly distinguishes between the unpublished source and any published materials it may reference. For instance, if an unpublished article cites a published law review, include separate citations for each. This avoids confusion and maintains the integrity of the citation. By following *Bluebook* Rule 18.2 meticulously, legal writers can effectively incorporate unpublished manuscripts or articles into their work while upholding the standards of legal citation.
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Rule 16: Parallel Citations for Law Review Articles
When citing law review articles using the Bluebook, Rule 16 governs the use of parallel citations. Parallel citations are essential when a law review article is published in multiple sources or formats, such as both in print and online. The primary purpose of parallel citations is to provide readers with the most accessible and reliable reference to the source. For law review articles, this typically involves citing both the print volume and page number, as well as the electronic database or URL if applicable. According to Rule 16, the main citation should always point to the official or most authoritative version of the source, while parallel citations offer additional access points.
In the context of law review articles, the primary citation usually includes the volume and page number of the print version of the journal. For example, if citing an article from the *Harvard Law Review*, the primary citation would be to the print edition, such as "123 Harv. L. Rev. 1457." If the article is also available on an electronic database like Westlaw or LexisNexis, a parallel citation should be included. The Bluebook instructs that the parallel citation should follow the main citation in parentheses, such as "(2019 Westlaw 1234567)." This format ensures that readers can locate the article in both print and electronic formats.
When citing two law review pages or sources within the same footnote, Rule 16 requires clarity and precision. If referencing two different articles from the same law review, each citation should be complete and separated by a semicolon. For instance, "123 Harv. L. Rev. 1457 (2019 Westlaw 1234567); 124 Harv. L. Rev. 789 (2020 Westlaw 7654321)." If the citation refers to two different law reviews, each citation should stand independently, following the same format. The key is to ensure that each citation is self-contained and provides all necessary information for retrieval.
For law review articles available on open-access platforms or through URLs, Rule 16 allows for the inclusion of a parallel citation to the online source. However, the Bluebook emphasizes that the URL should be stable and reliable, such as a permalink or DOI. If using a URL, it should be placed in angle brackets following the main citation, such as "123 Harv. L. Rev. 1457
In summary, Rule 16 of the Bluebook provides a structured approach to parallel citations for law review articles, ensuring that citations are both authoritative and accessible. When citing two law review pages, the rule requires that each citation be complete and clearly distinguished, whether through semicolons or separate entries. By adhering to this rule, legal writers can provide readers with multiple pathways to access the cited material, enhancing the usability and reliability of their work. Always prioritize the most authoritative source in the main citation and use parallel citations to supplement access to the material.
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Frequently asked questions
The basic format for citing two pages in a law review article is: *Author’s Last Name, First Article Title, Page Range (Volume Year)*. For example: *Smith, The Legal Framework, 123 L. Rev. 456, 458–59 (2023)*.
To cite non-consecutive pages, use the format: *Author’s Last Name, Article Title, Volume Law Review Abbreviation Page, Pages Cited (Year)*. For example: *Smith, The Legal Framework, 123 L. Rev. 456, 458, 462 (2023)*.
Yes, the author’s name is required in the citation. If the article has multiple authors, include all authors’ names in the citation, separated by commas.
If the law review article has no author, start the citation with the title of the article. For example: *The Legal Framework, 123 L. Rev. 456, 458–59 (2023)*.
Yes, you can use "see" or "see also" to direct readers to specific pages. For example: *See Smith, The Legal Framework, 123 L. Rev. 456, 458–59 (2023)*. Follow Bluebook rules for signal placement.
