Cameron Miranda
Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. Hoover's presidency was dominated by the Great Depression, and he is often remembered for his policies and methods to combat it, which were seen as lacklustre. During his time in office, Hoover signed several pieces of legislation, including the Davis-Bacon Act, the Norris-LaGuardia Act, and the Agricultural Marketing Act. He also created the President's Emergency Committee for Employment (PECE) and supported the Tuskegee Institute. In this post, we will explore the laws that Hoover created and their impact on the United States.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Supported Prohibition | Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act |
| Created the Wickersham Commission | To make public policy recommendations regarding Prohibition |
| Created the President's Emergency Committee for Employment (PECE) | To coordinate state and local relief programs and increase employment in the private sector |
| Signed the Davis-Bacon Act | Mandated that all federally funded construction projects pay the "prevailing wage" |
| Signed the Norris-LaGuardia Act | Enshrined provisions for unions, such as prohibiting judges from using injunctions to stop strikes |
| Signed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff | Increased tariffs on imported goods, leading to a decline in international trade |
| Signed the Agricultural Marketing Act | Revitalized the market for farm products by creating the Federal Farm Board |
| Established the Veterans Administration | Provided an agency focused on veterans' issues, including benefits for housing, hospitalization, and support for the disabled |
| Supported direct loans to state governments | For spending on relief for the unemployed |
| Proposed increased spending on public works | Requested Congress for more funding to generate new jobs |
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What You'll Learn
The Agricultural Marketing Act
Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. His presidency was dominated by the Great Depression, and his policies and methods to combat it were seen as lacklustre. One of the laws Hoover created was the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929.
The Federal Farm Board's purchases of surplus could not keep up with production; as farmers realised they could sell their crops to the government, they increased production. Overall, deflation could not be countered because there was no production limit. Had there been a production limit, deflation might have been helped. The funds appropriated were eventually exhausted, and farmers' losses kept rising.
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The Davis-Bacon Act
The Act has been amended several times since its creation. For example, in 1962, the House of Representatives convened the Special Subcommittee on Labor, which resulted in an amendment to the Act requiring the inclusion of fringe benefits in wage determination. In November 2013, President Barack Obama signed the Streamlining Claims Processing for Federal Contractor Employees Act into law, which amended the Davis-Bacon Act by transferring authority from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to the United States Department of Labor for processing claims for wages due to labourers and mechanics hired by contractors on public works projects.
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The Norris-LaGuardia Act
Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. A member of the Republican Party, Hoover's presidency was dominated by the Great Depression, and his policies and methods to combat it were seen as lacklustre.
The Act was a direct response to judicial intransigence, as courts had frequently used antitrust law to restrain organised labour, and regularly enjoined strikes and solidarity activities. The Norris-LaGuardia Act reflected Congress' efforts to protect workers' "freedom of labour" by outlawing these yellow-dog contracts and protecting workers' right to organise.
The Supreme Court of the United States fully applied Section 13A of the Act in a 1938 decision, New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co. The Court held that the Act meant to prohibit employers from proscribing the peaceful dissemination of information concerning the terms and conditions of employment by those involved in an active labour dispute, even when occurring on an employer's private property.
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The Revenue Act of 1932
The act also included exemptions for certain taxpayers. Single filers were exempt from taxes on the first $1,000 of their income, while married couples and heads of families were exempt on the first $2,500. There was also a $400 exemption for each dependent under the age of 18.
The act also expanded the range of items subject to taxation. This included items such as dye, chewing gum, furs, soft drinks, sporting goods, firearms, shells, coal, telegraph dispatches, jewellery, and stamps. One of the most notable aspects of this expansion was the introduction of one of the first taxes on gasoline, which had a significant impact on the cost of transportation and fuel for Americans.
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The Emergency Banking Relief Act
The Act was a response to the bank failures of the Great Depression and the public's resulting lack of faith in the financial system. It aimed to stabilize and restore confidence in the U.S. banking system. The Act provided for a four-day bank holiday, during which all banks were shut down and inspected by the federal government. This period allowed the government to reopen solvent banks, reorganize those that could be saved, and close those beyond repair.
The Act also expanded the regulatory authority of the president, the comptroller of the currency, and the secretary of the treasury over the nation's banking system. The secretary of the treasury was granted the authority to determine if a bank needed additional funds and, with the president's approval, to request investment from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. The comptroller of the currency was empowered to restrict the operations of banks with impaired assets. Additionally, the Federal Reserve Board was authorized to issue emergency currency backed by the assets of commercial banks.
The Act had an immediate impact, restoring confidence in the banking system and boosting the stock market. It ended the bank runs that plagued the Great Depression and reminded the country of the importance of confidence in the financial system. The FDIC, created by the Act, continues to operate today, insuring bank deposits and supporting customer confidence.
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Frequently asked questions
Hoover created the President’s Emergency Committee for Employment (PECE) to coordinate state and local relief programs and develop methods for increasing employment in the private sector. He also signed the Davis-Bacon Act, which mandated that all federally funded or assisted construction projects pay the “prevailing wage”. In addition, he signed the Norris-LaGuardia Act, which included provisions for unions in the law, such as prohibiting judges from using injunctions to stop strikes.
Yes, Hoover signed the Agricultural Marketing Act to help the poor market for farm products. This act created the Federal Farm Board, which promoted the sale of agricultural products through cooperatives and stabilization corporations.
Hoover proposed direct loans to state governments for spending on relief for the unemployed. He also proposed creating a Public Works Administration to better coordinate and expand Federal public works.
Yes, Hoover proposed and Congress approved the largest peacetime tax increase in U.S. history, the Revenue Act of 1932, which dramatically increased personal income taxes.
