Cecily Zamora
Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested for breaking several laws, including Alabama's law against mass public demonstrations, disturbing the peace, marching without a permit, violating picketing or boycott laws, trespassing, engaging in criminal libel and conspiracy, and tax evasion. King acknowledged the gravity of choosing to break the law, even for a just cause, and agreed that civil disobedience must be exercised with caution and regret. However, he defended his actions by invoking St. Thomas Aquinas' distinction between just and unjust laws. Interestingly, King Charles III is technically allowed to break any law without legal repercussions due to sovereign immunity, and the royal family is exempt from speed regulations when completing royal duties.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| King | Martin Luther King Jr. |
| Law broken | Civil disobedience |
| Law broken | Disturbing the peace |
| Law broken | Marching without a permit |
| Law broken | Violating picketing or boycott laws |
| Law broken | Trespassing |
| Law broken | Criminal libel |
| Law broken | Conspiracy |
| Law broken | Tax evasion |
| Law broken | Traffic ordinance violations |
| Law broken | Natural law |
| Law broken | Speed limit |
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What You'll Learn
- King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church, replacing the Pope as the Head of the Church in England
- He passed laws to enforce Protestant doctrine and imprisoned Catholic bishops
- He executed dissenting monks, including the first Carthusian Martyrs
- He suppressed resistance to his religious policies
- He broke his promise of clemency to rebels
King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church, replacing the Pope as the Head of the Church in England
Henry's break with the Catholic Church was largely driven by his personal life. In 1509, Henry married his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, who had previously been married to his older brother, Arthur. When Arthur died, Henry became first in line to the throne and married Catherine. However, Henry wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine, as she had not produced a male heir, but Pope Clement VII refused to grant him a divorce. In response, Henry passed the Act in Restraint of Appeals in 1533, which declared that the king was the supreme head of the Church in England. This allowed him to grant his own annulment and marry Anne Boleyn.
Henry's religious reforms faced significant opposition, including from dissenting monks, who were executed, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Thomas More, who refused to take the Oath of Supremacy to the King. Henry also passed the Suppression of Religious Houses Act in 1535, which contributed to a more general resistance to his reforms, most notably in the Pilgrimage of Grace, a large uprising in northern England in 1536.
Henry's actions had a lasting impact on the religious landscape of England. After his death, his son Edward VI ruled as a Protestant king, passing laws to enforce Protestant doctrine and imprisoning Catholic bishops. When Mary, Henry's daughter with Catherine of Aragon, became queen, she repealed the Act of Supremacy and restored Catholicism in England, earning her the nickname 'Bloody Mary' due to her persecution of Protestants. Elizabeth I, Henry's daughter with Anne Boleyn, attempted to please both sides by restoring the Act of Supremacy but naming herself the 'Supreme Governor' rather than the Head of the Church of England.
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He passed laws to enforce Protestant doctrine and imprisoned Catholic bishops
Charles I passed laws to enforce Protestant doctrine and imprisoned Catholic bishops. He provoked outrage with his religious 'innovations', particularly the introduction of a new Book of Common Prayer in Scotland in 1637, which stressed ceremony instead of the more austere forms of worship that had been dominant in both the English and Scottish Churches. Those opposed to these changes in Scotland, known as Covenanters, rose up and defeated Charles I's troops in the Bishops' War.
In November 1627, the test case in the King's Bench, the "Five Knights' Case", found that the King had a prerogative right to imprison without trial those who refused to pay the forced loan. Summoned again in March 1628, Parliament adopted a Petition of Right on 26 May, calling upon Charles to acknowledge that he could not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes.
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He executed dissenting monks, including the first Carthusian Martyrs
Henry VIII is known for breaking with the Catholic Church, one of the most significant events in English history. During the Reformation, the King replaced the Pope as the Head of the Church in England, causing a divide between Catholics and Protestants.
Henry VIII's religious policies faced opposition, which was initially suppressed. Some dissenting monks, including the first Carthusian Martyrs, were executed, while many more were pilloried. The most prominent resisters included John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Thomas More, who refused to take the Oath of Supremacy to the King. Henry VIII did not seek to have these men executed, but instead hoped they would change their minds. Fisher openly rejected Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church, but More was careful to avoid breaking the Treasons Act 1534.
The Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535 also contributed to resistance to Henry's reforms, most notably in the Pilgrimage of Grace, a large uprising in northern England in October 1536. Henry VIII promised to pardon the rebels, but saw them as traitors and did not keep his promise when further violence occurred.
Henry VIII's actions, such as executing dissenting monks, were made possible by his extensive powers. The 1539 Statute of Proclamations allowed him to rule by royal proclamation, or decree, and to change or repeal acts of parliament without going through parliament a second time.
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He suppressed resistance to his religious policies
Charles I broke laws by trying to raise money for war through a "forced loan", which was a tax levied without parliamentary consent. In the "Five Knights' Case" in 1627, the King's Bench found that the King had a prerogative right to imprison without trial those who refused to pay the forced loan. In 1628, Parliament adopted a Petition of Right, calling upon Charles to acknowledge that he could not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes.
Charles I also caused anger with his religious 'innovations', particularly the introduction in Scotland in 1637 of a new Book of Common Prayer which stressed ceremony instead of the more austere forms of worship which had been dominant in both the English and Scottish Churches. Those opposed to these changes in Scotland, known as Covenanters, rose up and defeated Charles I's troops in the Bishops' War.
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He broke his promise of clemency to rebels
I assume you are referring to Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested for breaking Alabama's law against mass public demonstrations. He was also charged with tax evasion. He was criticised for leading illegal marches against segregation, which violated practically every criminal code provision: disturbing the peace, marching without a permit, violating picketing or boycott laws, trespassing, engaging in criminal libel and conspiracy.
King acknowledged the gravity of choosing to break the law, even for a just cause, and agreed that civil disobedience must be exercised with caution and regret. However, he defended his actions by invoking St. Thomas Aquinas to make the distinction between just and unjust laws. He argued that a just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God.
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Frequently asked questions
Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested for violating practically every criminal code provision, including disturbing the peace, marching without a permit, violating picketing or boycott laws, trespassing, engaging in criminal libel and conspiracy. He was also prosecuted for tax evasion.
King Charles III has sovereign immunity, meaning he can break any law without fear of legal repercussions. However, there is no evidence that he has broken any laws.
Martin Luther King Jr. acknowledged the gravity of choosing to break the law, but agreed that civil disobedience must be exercised with caution and regret. He invoked St. Thomas Aquinas to make the distinction between just and unjust laws, stating that a just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God.
