Kara Sears
Newton's laws of motion and the laws of thermodynamics are two of the most fundamental laws of physics. Newton's three laws of motion describe the relationship between a physical object and the forces acting upon it. The first law of motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. The laws of thermodynamics define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, and establish relationships between them. The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transferred from one form to another. The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot be spontaneously transferred from a cold body to a hot body.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Newton's First Law of Motion | A body remains at rest, or in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, unless it is acted upon by a force. |
| Newton's Second Law of Motion | A force is equal to the change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed; the total quantity of energy in the universe stays the same. |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | Heat always flows from hotter to colder regions of matter. Entropy always increases. |
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What You'll Learn
- Newton's first law of motion: An object at rest remains at rest
- Newton's second law of motion: Force equals change in momentum
- The second law of thermodynamics: Entropy always increases
- The first law of thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed
- Newton's third law of motion: Every action has an equal, opposite reaction
Newton's first law of motion: An object at rest remains at rest
Newton's first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, forms the foundation of classical mechanics. Formulated by Sir Isaac Newton, the law states that an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. This means that in the absence of any force or interaction, an object will maintain its state of motion or stillness.
Newton's first law challenges the Aristotelian view, where objects that are not being pushed tend to come to rest. Newton's law, however, asserts that an object will remain in its state of motion or rest unless a force causes it to change. This force can be a push or pull, causing the object to accelerate, decelerate, or change direction.
The first law is one of three laws of motion formulated by Newton, which describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. These laws were first published in 1687 in Newton's "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). With these laws, Newton laid the foundation for classical mechanics and explained the motion of many physical objects and systems.
The second law of motion defines force as the change in momentum per change in time. This means that the force on an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration. Newton's second law generalized this hypothesis from gravity to all forces, including those acting at a distance without physical contact, such as gravitational forces.
In conclusion, Newton's first law of motion highlights the principle of inertia, stating that objects tend to maintain their state of motion or rest unless acted upon by an external force. This law forms the basis for our understanding of classical mechanics and the behaviour of objects in motion or at rest.
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Newton's second law of motion: Force equals change in momentum
Newton's three laws of motion describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. They are the foundation of classical mechanics.
Newton's second law of motion states that force equals the change in momentum. In other words, the change in velocity divided by the change in time. This relationship only applies to objects with a constant mass.
The equation for Newton's second law is:
> F = (m1 * V1 – m0 * V0) / (t1 – t0)
Where:
- F = force
- M = mass
- V = velocity
- T = time
This equation tells us that an object subjected to an external force will accelerate and that the amount of acceleration is proportional to the size of the force. The amount of acceleration is also inversely proportional to the mass of the object. For example, for equal forces, a heavier object will experience less acceleration than a lighter object.
Newton's second law generalized Christiaan Huygens' hypothesis that ""By the action of gravity, whatever its sources, it happens that bodies are moved by a motion composed both of a uniform motion in one direction or another and of a motion downward due to gravity." Newton's second law expanded this hypothesis from gravity to all forces.
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The second law of thermodynamics: Entropy always increases
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. It establishes the concept of entropy as a physical property of a thermodynamic system. The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy always increases. This means that as energy is transferred or transformed, more and more of it is wasted. This also implies that a natural process runs only in one direction and is not reversible. For example, when a path for conduction or radiation is made available, heat always flows spontaneously from a hotter to a colder body.
The second law of thermodynamics is linked to the law of conservation of energy. The first law describes the fundamental principle that systems do not consume or 'use up' energy, and that energy is neither created nor destroyed, but simply converted from one form to another. The second law is concerned with the direction of natural processes. It asserts that a natural process runs only in one sense, and is not reversible. That is, the state of a natural system itself can be reversed, but not without increasing the entropy of the system's surroundings.
The second law of thermodynamics is applicable to a wide variety of processes, both reversible and irreversible. According to the second law, in a reversible heat transfer, an element of heat transferred, both of the system and of the sources or destination of the heat, with the increment. The second law also states that there is a natural tendency of any isolated system to degenerate into a more disordered state. This principle explains, for example, why you can't unscramble an egg. When you scramble an egg, you increase the entropy of the system (the egg and its surroundings). It is impossible to reverse the process without increasing the entropy of the surroundings even further.
The historical origin of the second law of thermodynamics was in Sadi Carnot's theoretical analysis of the flow of heat in steam engines in 1824. Carnot's principle was recognized at a time when the caloric theory represented the dominant understanding of the nature of heat, before the recognition of the first law of thermodynamics, and before the mathematical expression of the concept of entropy. In modern terms, Carnot's principle may be stated more precisely: The efficiency of a quasi-static or reversible Carnot cycle depends only on the temperatures of the two heat reservoirs, and is the same, whatever the working substance.
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The first law of thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, which is adapted for thermodynamic processes. It states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms. In other words, the total quantity of energy in the universe remains constant.
The first law of thermodynamics is based on the empirical observation that energy in an isolated system remains constant, even with internal changes. This law applies to systems where there is no transfer of matter, heat, or work in or out of the system. In such a closed system, the change in internal energy is equal to the heat supplied minus the work done by the system.
This law is a fundamental principle in physics and chemistry, providing a basis for understanding the behaviour of energy in various natural sciences. It is also essential for comprehending the behaviour of energy in thermodynamic systems, which are characterized by specific parameters such as temperature, energy, and entropy.
The first law of thermodynamics is often contrasted with the second law, which describes the direction of natural processes and the concept of entropy. While the first law states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, the second law asserts that natural processes are not reversible and that the total entropy of a system and its surroundings tends to increase.
For example, consider a cup falling off a table and breaking. The first law allows for this process and its reverse, where the fragments come back together and jump back onto the table. However, the second law permits the former but denies the latter, as it would require decreasing the entropy of the system and its surroundings.
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Newton's third law of motion: Every action has an equal, opposite reaction
Newton's three laws of motion describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. These laws, which provide the basis for Newtonian mechanics, were first stated by Isaac Newton in his "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), originally published in 1687. Newton developed these laws to explain why planetary orbits are ellipses rather than circles.
Newton's first law of motion states that an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed and in a straight line, unless it is acted upon by a force.
Newton's second law of motion defines a force to be equal to the change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. This law talks about changes in momentum (m x v) and can be used to determine the new values of velocity and mass if the force is known.
Newton's third law of motion states that for every action (force) in nature, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, forces result from interactions. For example, when an airplane moves, the air is deflected downward by the airfoil's action, and in reaction, the wing is pushed upward. Similarly, when a spinning ball moves, the air is deflected to one side, and the ball reacts by moving in the opposite direction.
Newton's laws of motion are foundational to classical mechanics and have provided valuable insights into the behavior of massive bodies and the motion of many physical objects and systems. However, limitations to these laws have been discovered, particularly when dealing with objects moving at very high speeds, massive objects, or very small objects.
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