Kara Sears
Julius Caesar, the famous Roman general and statesman, had a brother-in-law named Gaius Servilius Casca, who was one of his assassins. The assassination of Caesar was a result of a conspiracy involving around 60 to 80 people, including senators and Cassius Longinus, whose brother-in-law, Marcus Brutus, was also involved. Caesar's brother-in-law, Casca, inflicted a fatal wound on him by stabbing him between the ribs.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Name | Lucius Caesar |
| Relation to Julius Caesar | Brother-in-law of Gaius Caesar, who was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar |
| Parents | Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder |
| Siblings | Gaius Caesar |
| Spouse | Agrippina the Elder |
| Children | Caligula |
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What You'll Learn
Caesar's great-nephew Octavian was his primary heir
Julius Caesar, the Roman general and statesman, was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC. Caesar had no living legitimate children under Roman law. His will, however, revealed that he had adopted his grand-nephew, Octavian, as his son and primary heir.
Octavian was born Gaius Octavius into an equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia. He was the son of Atia, the daughter of Caesar's sister, Julia the Younger. Caesar and Octavian were thus distantly related, and it took Octavian more than 25 years to establish himself as Caesar's heir and take complete control of Rome.
Octavian was studying in Apollonia, Illyria, when Caesar was assassinated. He sailed to Italy to learn the contents of Caesar's will and decided to become Caesar's political heir and inherit two-thirds of his estate. Octavian bolstered his forces with Caesar's veteran legionaries and attracted many with the promise of payment. He gathered an army of 3,000 loyal veterans by the time he arrived in Rome on 6 May 44 BC.
Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat Caesar's assassins. They won the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC and divided the Roman Republic among themselves, ruling as de facto dictators. Octavian and Antony's relationship soured, and they met in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, where Octavian emerged victorious. Antony and his wife, Cleopatra, committed suicide during Octavian's invasion of Egypt.
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Octavian was studying in Apollonia when Caesar was assassinated
On March 15, 44 BC, Julius Caesar was assassinated. Caesar's grand-nephew, Gaius Octavian, was studying in Apollonia, Illyria (now Albania) at the time. Octavian was only 17 or 18 years old and was undergoing military training and academic studies. Despite warnings to stay in Macedonia, Octavian decided against seeking refuge and sailed to Italy to ascertain his political position and assess any potential assets or support he could claim.
In Italy, Octavian learned that Caesar had named him as his primary heir in his will. Caesar had no living legitimate children under Roman law, so he had adopted Octavian, who became his political heir and inherited two-thirds of his estate. Octavian faced opposition from key figures in Rome, such as Mark Antony and Aemilius Lepidus, who controlled the political scene and divided power between themselves.
Octavian showed strategic acumen and resourcefulness, gradually gathering support from Caesar's former allies and even some military legions. He formed an alliance with Antony and another of Caesar's principal supporters, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and together they were formally given a five-year dictatorial appointment as the Second Triumvirate to rule the Roman Republic. However, the alliance was short-lived, and the competing ambitions of its members eventually tore it apart. Octavian went on to become the first emperor of ancient Rome, known as Augustus.
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![Hail, Caesar! [Blu-ray]](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/61McDG2UN3L._AC_UY218_.jpg)
![Hail, Caesar! [Blu-ray]](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81ZNhWFySLL._AC_UY218_.jpg)
Caesar's assassination was due to concerns he wanted to be king
Julius Caesar was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC, also known as the Ides of March. Caesar's assassination was due to several factors, including concerns that he wanted to crown himself king of Rome. Caesar had served the Roman Republic for eight years in the Gallic Wars, fully conquering the region of Gaul. After defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, he refused to disband his army and return home as a civilian, instead crossing the Rubicon with his army and plunging Rome into civil war in 49 BC. Caesar emerged victorious and was appointed dictator perpetuo ("dictator in perpetuity") in early 44 BC.
Caesar's power and domination of the state, along with his acquisition of royal privileges, fueled fears that he intended to make himself king. This concern was heightened by incidents such as the festival of Lupercalia in February 44 BC, where Mark Antony, Caesar's co-consul, placed a diadem on Caesar's head, which Caesar publicly rejected. Interpretations of this event vary, with some believing Caesar rejected the diadem due to a lack of crowd support or to signal he was no monarch. However, rumours persisted that Caesar sought a formal crown.
The Roman historian Suetonius supports the idea that Caesar's assassination was primarily due to concerns about his aspirations for kingship. Additionally, Titus Livius identifies three incidents from 45 to 44 BC as the final causes of Caesar's assassination, referred to as the "three last straws" by some Romans. One of these incidents involved the Senate voting to bestow numerous honours upon Caesar, marching to present them to him formally at the Temple of Venus Genetrix.
Caesar's growing influence was seen as a threat to the power and privileges of some Romans, who believed they had to stop him. Led by Brutus and Cassius, a group of senators conspired to assassinate Caesar, acting in the name of the Republic and liberty, and against the prospect of a monarchy. By the summer of 45 BC, plans to assassinate Caesar were already in motion, and by February 44 BC, the number of conspirators had grown to around sixty.
On the morning of the Ides of March, the senators eagerly awaited Caesar's arrival at the Senate. Caesar, choosing to appear accessible and fearless, had dismissed his bodyguard upon returning to civilian life in Rome. The assassins formed a perimeter around their target and attacked swiftly, stabbing Caesar at least twenty-three times, leading to his death. The assassins' seizure of the Capitoline hill and their unsuccessful attempt to secure the city sparked a new series of civil wars, and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored.
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The conspiracy to assassinate Caesar began with Marcus Brutus
On the evening of February 22, 44 BC, Brutus met with his brother-in-law, Cassius Longinus, and they agreed to take action to prevent Caesar from becoming king of the Romans. They began recruiting other senators, aiming for a large number to ensure the assassination was seen as a legitimate removal of a tyrant. Notable conspirators included Pacuvius Labeo, Decimus Brutus, Gaius Trebonius, Tillius Cimber, and the brothers Publius and Casca. They considered recruiting Cicero and Mark Antony, but ultimately decided against it due to concerns about their loyalty and caution.
Brutus played a significant role in the planning of the assassination, including the decision to carry out the attack during a senate meeting on the Ides of March. This date held symbolic importance as it was traditionally the day when consuls assumed office. The conspirators, led by Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, and Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, stabbed Caesar approximately 23 times, with the specific details of the attack varying between authors.
After Caesar's assassination, Brutus and Cassius were driven from Rome and gradually seized control of the Roman East. They met Mark Antony and Octavian in two battles at Philippi, where Cassius and, later, Brutus were defeated and committed suicide. Brutus became a symbol of resistance to tyranny, and his character was portrayed sympathetically in Shakespeare's play "Julius Caesar."
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Caesar's death led to the Second Triumvirate of Rome
Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman. He was a member of the First Triumvirate, which included Crassus and Pompey, and was an informal political alliance that dominated Roman politics. Caesar played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.
Caesar was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC, which led to the formation of the Second Triumvirate of Rome. The Second Triumvirate was a political association between three of Rome's most powerful figures: Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. Following Caesar's assassination, the three vowed revenge on his killers and attempted to stabilise the Roman Republic. The Second Triumvirate was formed in 43 BC, after Octavian moved against the Senate and marched on Rome, securing for himself the consulship. They enacted legislation confirming Octavian's adoption as Caesar's heir and established courts to condemn Caesar's assassins.
Octavian and Antony reconciled, with Octavian marrying Antony's stepdaughter Clodia. The three men established themselves as the triumviri rei publicae constituendae, with power similar to that of a consul. They secured the deification of Caesar, with the Senate declaring that Caesar would be placed among the Roman gods. The triumvirs then moved against Brutus and Cassius in the east, with Lepidus remaining in Italy.
The Second Triumvirate was an unstable coalition, with the egos of the three men clashing. Eventually, they would meet in battle, and a single emperor would emerge. The mass violence and untraditional form of government of the triumvirs were seen as illegitimate, and they attempted to preserve the appearance of republican practices. Over time, as the political situation stabilised, Octavian resumed the normal operation of the consulship.
Regarding Caesar's brother-in-law, there are a few individuals who could be considered. One is Lucius Aemilius Paullus, who was the brother-in-law of Gaius Caesar, a descendant of Augustus Caesar. Another is Germanicus, who was the brother-in-law of Gaius Caesar through his marriage to Agrippina the Elder, the sister of Gaius.
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Frequently asked questions
It is unclear which Caesar you are referring to. If you are referring to Gaius Caesar, his brother-in-law was Lucius Aemilius Paullus. If you are referring to Julius Caesar, his brother-in-law was Quintus Pedius. If you are referring to Augustus Caesar, his brother-in-law was Tiberius.
Gaius Caesar was born in Rome in 20 BC to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. He was the older brother of Lucius Caesar and the grandson of Emperor Augustus.
Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He was a member of the First Triumvirate and led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before becoming dictator in 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC.
Augustus Caesar was the first Roman emperor, rising to power after the republic was destroyed by the dictatorship of his great-uncle and adoptive father, Julius Caesar. He was born in 63 BCE and died of natural causes in 14 CE at the age of 75.
Tiberius was the stepson of Gaius Caesar's mother, Julia the Elder, through her marriage to Tiberius. He was also the brother of Drusus the Elder and the eventual successor to Augustus as Emperor of Rome.
